A ________ is a cryptographic system that provides secure communication over an untrusted network.

• A. Virtual Private Network
• B. Secure Link
• C. Complete Cryptographic System
• D. None of the Above

Answer: (A)

A Virtual Private Network provides secure communication over an untrusted network. It creates an encrypted tunnel between your device and the VPN gateway across the public network, so eavesdroppers can’t read the data in transit. It also authenticates the endpoints and protects data integrity, helping prevent tampering and impersonation. This setup lets you extend a private network over a shared infrastructure, enabling remote access or site-to-site connectivity as if devices were on the same private network. The other terms aren’t standard descriptions of this capability, and a generic “None of the Above” would miss this established approach.